Our investigation demonstrates that the methylation of terminal N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose residues within N-glycans isolated from Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis shows significant variations in position and quantity, further complicating the post-translational glycosylation modifications of glycoproteins. Furthermore, the modeled interactions between norovirus capsid proteins and carbohydrate ligands highlight methylation's potential to adjust the accuracy of virus-oyster recognition events.
Carotenoids, a wide-ranging group of health-improving compounds, are integral to a host of industrial sectors, such as the food, animal feed, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and colorant industries. In view of the rising global population and the ongoing environmental predicaments, procuring novel sustainable carotenoid sources, separate from conventional agricultural methods, is of utmost importance. This review explores the prospective applications of marine archaea, bacteria, algae, and yeast as biological platforms for carotenoid production. The organisms contained a significant number of carotenoids, some of which were novel. Discussions also encompass the role of carotenoids in marine organisms and their potential health-promoting activities. Marine organisms' synthesis of a multitude of carotenoids demonstrates a sustainable potential, offering a renewable approach without exhausting natural reserves. As a result, they are recognized as indispensable sustainable sources of carotenoids, crucial for Europe's Green Deal and Recovery Plan's success. The absence of standardization, clinical research, and toxicity testing also diminishes the use of marine organisms as a source of traditional and innovative carotenoids. For improved carotenoid productivity, demonstrated safety, and reduced costs for industrial applications, more research is needed on the handling and processing of marine organisms, their biosynthetic pathways, extraction processes, and compositional analysis.
Due to its skin-moisturizing efficacy, agarobiose (AB; d-galactose,1-4-linked-AHG), resulting from the one-step acid hydrolysis of red seaweed agarose, is considered a promising cosmetic ingredient. High temperatures and alkaline pH environments were found to impede the use of AB as a cosmetic ingredient in this study. Accordingly, to elevate the chemical steadiness of AB, a novel method was implemented for producing ethyl-agarobioside (ethyl-AB) from the acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of agarose. The generation of ethyl-glucoside and glyceryl-glucoside, analogous to the alcoholysis process using ethanol and glycerol, mirrors the traditional Japanese sake-brewing method. Ethyl-AB's in vitro skin-moisturizing action, akin to AB's, also showed better thermal and pH stability This report introduces ethyl-AB, a novel compound sourced from red seaweed, as a functional cosmetic ingredient characterized by exceptional chemical stability.
A crucial barrier between circulating blood and adjoining tissues, the endothelial cell lining, is a significant therapeutic target. Investigations into fucoidans, which are sulfated and fucose-rich polysaccharides derived from brown seaweed, suggest a multitude of beneficial biological effects, such as an anti-inflammatory action. While their biological properties are linked to chemical characteristics like molecular weight, sulfation degree, and molecular structures, these attributes fluctuate based on the origins, species, and methods used in their isolation and collection. This investigation focused on the effects of high molecular weight (HMW) fucoidan extract on the activation process of endothelial cells and their subsequent interactions with primary monocytes (MNCs) within a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced inflammatory model. Gentle enzyme-assisted fucoidan extraction, followed by fractionation via ion exchange chromatography, produced well-defined and pure fractions of fucoidan. The anti-inflammatory potential of FE F3, having a molecular weight from 110 kDa to 800 kDa and containing 39% sulfate, warranted further investigation. Our results showed a dose-dependent reduction in inflammatory response in endothelial mono- and co-cultures containing MNCs, directly linked to the improved purity of fucoidan fractions, when two distinct concentrations were examined. Gene and protein expression of IL-6 and ICAM-1 decreased, and the gene expression of TLR-4, GSK3, and NF-κB also demonstrated a reduction, highlighting this. The decrease in selectin expression observed after fucoidan treatment also contributed to a reduction in the adhesion of monocytes to the endothelial monolayer. These data show an enhancement of fucoidan's anti-inflammatory effects with increasing purity, suggesting its possible use in controlling the inflammatory response of endothelial cells subjected to LPS-induced bacterial infection.
A multitude of resources, encompassing diverse plant, animal, and microorganism life forms, are available within the marine realm for the extraction of various polysaccharides, including alginate, carrageenan, chitin, chitosan, agarose, ulvan, porphyra, and numerous others. Marine-derived polysaccharides are rich in carbon and can be used as precursors for the creation of carbon quantum dots. Due to their inclusion of nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O), marine polysaccharides hold a clear advantage in the role of CQD precursors over alternative starting materials. CQDs' naturally occurring surface doping reduces the reliance on copious chemical reagents and consequently promotes green chemistry. The current review analyzes the methods used to produce CQDs from marine polysaccharide starting materials. The biological classification of these items falls under the categories of algae, crustaceans, or fish. Through synthesis, CQDs can showcase exceptional optical properties, characterized by high fluorescence emission, strong absorbance, pronounced quenching, and a high quantum yield. CQDs' structural, morphological, and optical attributes can be adapted through the utilization of multi-heteroatom precursors. Due to their inherent biocompatibility and low toxicity, CQDs originating from marine polysaccharides offer a diverse spectrum of applications, encompassing biomedicine (e.g., drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing), photocatalysis, environmental monitoring (specifically water quality), and the food industry. Converting marine polysaccharides into carbon quantum dots (CQDs) represents a significant advancement in utilizing renewable resources to create cutting-edge technological products. This review offers crucial foundations for developing innovative nanomaterials sourced from the natural marine environment.
A controlled, randomized, double-blind, three-arm, crossover trial in healthy, normoglycemic individuals investigated how consuming an extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum affected postprandial glucose and insulin responses following the ingestion of white bread. Sixteen participants were given either control white bread containing 50g total digestible carbohydrates, or white bread enhanced with 500 mg or 1000 mg of BSW extract. Over a three-hour period, biochemical parameters were assessed in venous blood samples. A notable range of responses to white bread, concerning blood glucose levels, was seen between individuals. Comparing the responses of all test subjects to 500 mg or 1000 mg of BSW extract against a control group yielded no statistically meaningful impact from the treatments. Veterinary medical diagnostics A differential response to the control provided the basis for classifying individuals into glycaemic responder and non-responder groups. Compared to the control group, the sub-cohort of 10 participants, whose peak glucose levels reached above 1 mmol/L after white bread consumption, exhibited a notable reduction in peak plasma glucose levels after being fed an intervention meal containing 1000 mg of extract. No adverse reactions were documented. Extensive follow-up research is mandatory to fully uncover all factors impacting individual reactions to brown seaweed extracts and identify the targeted population that will yield the optimal results.
The process of skin wound healing remains a significant hurdle, particularly for immunocompromised individuals, who often exhibit delayed healing and are vulnerable to infections. Through their paracrine activity, rat-derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), when injected into the tail vein, facilitate accelerated cutaneous wound healing. The current research aimed to explore the collaborative wound-healing properties of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and Halimeda macroloba algae extract in immunocompromised rats. near-infrared photoimmunotherapy An investigation of the extract using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) identified various phytochemicals, predominantly phenolics and terpenoids, exhibiting angiogenic, collagen-stimulating, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. CD marker expression was evaluated in isolated and characterized BMMSCs, revealing a 98.21% positive response for CD90 and 97.1% positivity for CD105. The treatments included hydrocortisone (40 mg/kg daily), administered for twelve days, followed by a circular excision in the rats' dorsal skin, which continued for a further sixteen days. The studied groups were selected and sampled at intervals of 4, 8, 12, and 16 days post-wounding. read more Gross and histopathological assessment indicated that the BMMSCs/Halimeda group demonstrated significantly superior wound closure (99%), tissue thickness, epidermal and dermal density, and skin elasticity in the healed wounds compared to the control group (p < 0.005). RT-PCR gene expression analysis showed a complete reduction in oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB activation in response to BMMSCs/Halimeda extract combination therapy by day 16 post-injury. For immunocompromised patients, this wound-healing combination exhibits a transformative potential in regenerative medicine, representing a paradigm shift, though safety testing and additional clinical trials are imperative.